![]() The sultan is only twenty-five years old, tall and slender but tough, with a thin and bony face. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini: 1512–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan. Upon the death of his father, Selim I (r. At age seventeen, he was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Manisa, with a brief tenure at Edirne. As a young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim, a Greek slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers (but who was later executed on Suleiman's orders). : 9 At the age of seven, Suleiman began studies of science, history, literature, theology and military tactics in the schools of the imperial Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. His mother was Hafsa Sultan, a convert to Islam of unknown origins, who died in 1534. Suleiman was born in Trabzon on the southern coast of the Black Sea to Şehzade Selim (later Selim I), probably on 6 November 1494, although this date is not known with absolute certainty or evidence. There is a tradition of western origin, according to which Suleiman the Magnificent was "Suleiman II", but that tradition has been based on an erroneous assumption that Süleyman Çelebi was to be recognised as a legitimate sultan. It is entirely absent from sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman sources and may date from the early 18th century. It is unclear when exactly the term Kanunî (the Lawgiver) first came to be used as an epithet for Suleiman. Suleiman the Magnificent ( محتشم سليمان Muḥteşem Süleymān), as he was known in the West, was also called Suleiman the First ( سلطان سليمان أول Sulṭān Süleymān-ı Evvel), and Suleiman the Lawgiver ( قانونی سلطان سليمان Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) for his reform of the Ottoman legal system. In the decades after Suleiman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutional, and economic changes, a phenomenon often referred to as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Although scholars typically regarded the period after his death to be one of crisis and adaptation rather than simple decline, the end of Suleiman's reign was a watershed in Ottoman history. His other son Bayezid was executed in 1561 on Suleiman's orders, along with Bayezid's four sons, after a rebellion. Suleiman's other potential heirs, Mehmed and Mustafa, had died Mehmed had died in 1543 from smallpox, and Mustafa had been strangled to death in 1553 at the sultan's order. ![]() Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. īreaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Hurrem Sultan, a woman from his harem, an Orthodox Christian of Ruthenian origin who converted to Sunni Islam, and who became famous in Western Europe of his time by the name Roxelana, due to her red hair. He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic ( Kanun) and religious ( Sharia). : 61Īt the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the siege of Vienna in 1529. ![]() Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. At Mohács, in August 1526, Suleiman broke the military strength of Hungary. ![]() Belgrade fell to him in 1521 and the island of Rhodes in 1522–1523. Suleiman succeeded his father, Selim I, as sultan on 30 September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in Central Europe and the Mediterranean. : 541–545 Under his administration, the Ottoman Empire ruled over at least 25 million people. Süleyman 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان, romanized: Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Suleiman I ( Ottoman Turkish: سليمان اول, romanized: Süleyman-ı Evvel Turkish: I. ![]()
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